| Vangidae | |
|---|---|
 Hook-billed Vanga (Vanga curvirostris) | |
| Scientific Classification | |
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Chordata |
| Class | Aves |
| Order | Passeriformes Passeri |
| Family | Vangidae |
Vangidae or vangas, is a genus of little-known small to medium-sized passerines restricted to Madagascar and the Comoros. There are about 22 species, depending on taxonomy. Most species are shrike-like, arboreal forest birds, feeding on reptiles, frogs and insects. Several other Madagascan birds more similar to Old World warblers, Old World babblers or Old World flycatchers are now often placed in this family. Vangas differ greatly in bill shape and have a variety of foraging methods. Their stick nests are built in trees. They do not migrate.
Taxonomy[]
Their relationship with other passerine groups is uncertain, but they seem closely related to some enigmatic African groups: the helmetshrikes (Prionops) and the shrike-flycatchers (Bias and Megabyas). They also appear to be close to some Asian groups: the woodshrikes (Tephrodornis), flycatcher-shrikes (Hemipus) and philentomas.
Though vangas were traditionally believed to be a small family of generally shrike-like birds, recent research suggests that several Madagascan taxa most similar in appearance and habits (and formerly considered to be) Old World warblers, Old World flycatchers or Old World babblers may be vangas. Yamagishi et al. found in 2001 that Newtonia appeared to belong with the vangas rather than the warblers and also that Tylas was a vanga and not a bulbul. It also appears that Ward's flycatcher and Crossley's babbler belong with the vangas.
Description[]
The vangas are an example of adaptive radiation, having evolved from a single founding population into a variety of forms adapted to various niches occupied by other bird families in other parts of the world. They differ in size, color and bill shape but are similar in skull shape and bony palate structure. They are small to medium-sized birds, varying from 12 to 32 cm in length. Many have strong, hooked bills similar to those of shrikes. The helmet vanga has a particularly large bill with a casque on top. Other species, such as the newtonias, have a small, thin bill. The sickle-billed vanga is notable for its long, curved bill used to probe into holes and cracks.
Most vangas are largely black, brown or grey above and white below. Exceptions include the blue and white blue vanga and the blue-grey nuthatch vanga. The helmet vanga is mostly black with a rufous back. Male Bernier's vangas are entirely black while the females are brown. It is one of several species with distinct male and female plumage while in other species the sexes are identical.
Most vangas have whistling calls.
Distribution and Habitat[]
All vangas are endemic to Madagascar apart from the blue vanga, which also occurs in the Comoros on Mohéli island and, at least formerly, on Grande Comore. They are found throughout Madagascar, in a variety of forest and scrub habitats. Several species including Van Dam's vanga and sickle-billed vanga can be found in the dry deciduous forests in the west of the island. Some such as Crossley's Babbler, helmet vanga and Bernier's vanga are restricted to rainforest in the east of the island. Lafresnaye's vanga and the recently discovered red-shouldered vanga occur in subarid thorn scrub in the south-west.
Behavior[]
Their diet can include insects, earthworms, millipedes, lizards and amphibians. The blue vanga and chabert vanga occasionally eat fruit. Many species feed in small groups, often in mixed-species foraging flocks. The hook-billed vanga and Lafresnaye's vanga tend to forage alone. Vangas have a variety of different foraging strategies. Many species glean food as they move through the branches. The nuthatch vanga climbs up trunks and branches like a nuthatch but does not climb downwards as nuthatches do. Crossley's babbler forages by walking along the forest floor amongst the leaf litter. The chabert vanga and the tylas vanga often fly into the air to catch prey. The three Xenopirostris vangas use their laterally flattened bills to strip bark off trees to search for food underneath.
Most species nest in pairs, building cup-shaped nests using twigs, bark, roots and leaves. The sickle-billed vanga nests in groups and builds a large nest of sticks.
Status and Conservation[]
Some species of vanga are common such as the chabert vanga which can survive in secondary woodland and plantations of introduced trees. Several other species are threatened by loss of their forest habitat. Pollen's vanga is classed as Near Threatened by BirdLife International and the red-shouldered vanga, Bernier's vanga, helmet vanga and red-tailed newtonia are regarded as Vulnerable. Van Dam's vanga is classed as Endangered because it is restricted to a small area of north-west Madagascar where the forest is rapidly disappearing due to clearance for agriculture and uncontrolled bushfires. Bluntschli's vanga is known only from two old specimens and is classed as Data Deficient.
Species[]
Genus: Artamella White-headed Vanga (Müller, 1776) (Artamella viridis) Genus: Calicalicus Red-tailed Vanga (Linnaeus, 1766) (Calicalicus madagascariensis) Red-shouldered Vanga (Goodman, Hawkins & Domergue, 1997) (Calicalicus rufocarpalis) Genus: Cyanolanius Blue Vanga (Linnaeus, 1766) (Cyanolanius madagascarinus) Comoro Blue Vanga (Cyanolanius (madagascarinus) comorensis) Genus: Euryceros Helmet Vanga (Lesson, 1831) (Euryceros prevostii) Genus: Falculea Sickle-billed Vanga (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1836) (Falculea palliata) Genus: Hypositta Nuthatch Vanga (Bewton A, 1863) (Hypositta corallirostris) Bluntschli's Vanga (S. Peters, 1996) (Hypositta perdita) Genus: Leptopterus Chabert Vanga (Müller, 1776) (Leptopterus chabert) Genus: Mystacornis Crossley's Vanga (Grandidier, 1870) (Mystacornis crossleyi) Genus: Newtonia Dark Newtonia (Reichenow, 1891) (Newtonia amphichroa) Archbold's Newtonia (Delacour & Berlioz, 1931) (Newtonia archboldi) Common Newtonia (Newton, 1863) (Newtonia brunneicauda) Red-tailed Newtonia (Gyldenstolpe, 1933) (Newtonia fanovanae) Genus: Oriolia Bernier's Vanga (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1838) (Oriolia bernieri) Genus: Pseudobias Ward's Flycatcher (Sharpe, 1870) (Pseudobias wardi) Genus: Schetba Rufous Vanga (Linnaeus, 1766) (Schetba rufa) Genus: Tylas Tylas Vanga (Hartlaub, 1862) (Tylas eduardi) Genus: Vanga Hook-billed Vanga (Linnaeus, 1766) (Vanga curvirostris) Genus: Xenopirostris Van Dam's Vanga (Schlegel, 1866) (Xenopirostris damii) Pollen's Vanga (Schlegel, 1868) (Xenopirostris polleni) Lafresnaye's Vanga (Lafresnaye, 1850) (Xenopirostris xenopirostris)